Characterizations of power loads on divertor targets for type-I, compound and small ELMs in the EAST superconducting tokamak: Paper

The Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) has recently achieved a variety of H-mode regimes with different edge-localized mode (ELM) dynamics, including type-I ELMs, compound ELMs, which are manifested by the onset of a large spike followed by a sequence of small spikes on Dα emissions, usual type-III ELMs, and very small ELMs. This newly observed very small ELMy H-mode appears to be similar to the type-II ELMy H-mode, with higher repetition frequency (∼1 kHz) and lower amplitude than the type-III ELMy H-mode, exhibiting an intermediate confinement level between type-I and type-III ELMy H-modes. The energy loss and divertor power load are systematically characterized for these different ELMy H-modes to provide a physics basis for the next-step high-power long-pulse operations in EAST. Both type-I and compound ELMs exhibit good confinement (H98(y,2) ∼ 1). A significant loss of the plasma stored energy occurs at the onset of type-I ELMs (∼8%) and compound ELMs (∼5%), while no noticeable change in the plasma stored energy is observed for the small ELMs, including both type-III ELMs and very small ELMs. The peak heat flux on divertor targets for type-I ELMs currently achieved in EAST is about 10 MW m−2, as determined from the divertor-embedded triple Langmuir probe system with high time resolution. As expected, type-III ELMs lead to much smaller divertor power loads with a peak heat flux of about 2 MW m−2. Peak power loads for compound ELMs are between those for type-I and type-III ELMs. It is remarkable that the new very small ELMy H-modes exhibit even lower target power deposition than type-III ELMs, with the peak heat flux generally below 1 MW m−2. These very small ELMs are usually accompanied by broadband fluctuations with frequencies ranging from 20 to 50 kHz, which may promote particle and power exhaust throughout the very small ELMy H-mode regime.