TY - GEN
T1 - Battery energy storage systems in the Nordic grid: characteristics and ancillary service provision
AU - Zhao, Chunyang
AU - Pinter, Zoltan Mark
AU - Klintström, Magnus
AU - Jakobsen, Per Munch
AU - Andersen, Peter Bach
AU - Hashemi, Seyedmostafa
AU - Mijatovic, Nenad
AU - Træholt, Chresten
PY - 2024
Y1 - 2024
N2 - Battery energy storage systems (BESSs) have become an integral component of renewable-based power systems, offering a range of applications and balancing power systems. With the maturation of the ancillary service market, regulations are established to guide the operation of BESS. Numerous simulations and optimizations have been developed for long-and short-term project feasibility. However, a comprehensive understanding of real-life BESS performance is often lacking, including response time, power provision, load following capacity, and degradation. This gap leads to potential pitfalls of advanced optimization strategies based on idealized assumptions of BESS. To address this, round-trip tests and service provision tests are carried out with the recording of raw data, including current and voltage over time, deriving the BESS performance, such as power, capacity, energy, and efficiency. Specifically, More than 99.2% Coulomb efficiency and 96.6% energy efficiency are observed for consecutive cycles, with 5% to 8 % capacity fluctuations over months. The one-second response behavior is analyzed when changing power set points during service provision. Our study contributes to validating BESS models and offers realistic insights justifying BESS research and developments, towards a substantial understanding of grid-connected BESS applications.
AB - Battery energy storage systems (BESSs) have become an integral component of renewable-based power systems, offering a range of applications and balancing power systems. With the maturation of the ancillary service market, regulations are established to guide the operation of BESS. Numerous simulations and optimizations have been developed for long-and short-term project feasibility. However, a comprehensive understanding of real-life BESS performance is often lacking, including response time, power provision, load following capacity, and degradation. This gap leads to potential pitfalls of advanced optimization strategies based on idealized assumptions of BESS. To address this, round-trip tests and service provision tests are carried out with the recording of raw data, including current and voltage over time, deriving the BESS performance, such as power, capacity, energy, and efficiency. Specifically, More than 99.2% Coulomb efficiency and 96.6% energy efficiency are observed for consecutive cycles, with 5% to 8 % capacity fluctuations over months. The one-second response behavior is analyzed when changing power set points during service provision. Our study contributes to validating BESS models and offers realistic insights justifying BESS research and developments, towards a substantial understanding of grid-connected BESS applications.
KW - Battery energy storage system
KW - Frequency response
KW - Capacity test
KW - Grid compliance test
U2 - 10.1109/PESGM51994.2024.10761097
DO - 10.1109/PESGM51994.2024.10761097
M3 - Article in proceedings
T3 - Ieee Power and Energy Society General Meeting
BT - Proceedings of 2024 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM)
PB - IEEE
T2 - 2024 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting
Y2 - 21 July 2024 through 25 July 2024
ER -