Average Behavior of Battery - Electric Vehicles for Distributed Energy System Studies

The increase of focus on electric vehicles (EVs) as distributed energy resources calls for new concepts of aggregated models of batteries. Despite the developed battery models for EVs applications, when looking at energy storage scenarios using EVs, both geographical-temporal aspects and battery use conditions cannot be neglected for a proper estimation of available fleet energy. In this paper we describe an average behavior of battery-EVs. Main points of this concept include the definition of the energy window and lifetime of the batteries, in relation to existing models and battery use conditions. The obtained results show that EV fleets are non-linear time-variant systems which however can be described with good approximation taking into account a number of variables such as number of cycles, temperature, depth-of-discharge and current rates.