Atmospheric flow simulation over stationary waves with various steepness using WRF-LES

We investigated the capability of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to perform large-eddy simulations (LESs) of the structure of the marine atmospheric boundary layer and turbulence exchange between the sea surface and the atmosphere. The WRF-LES model results were compared to results from Sullivan (2008) [1] for two cases: flow over a flat surface and over an idealized stationary sinusoidal surface. We also investigated the sensitivity of the WRF-LES model in simulating turbulence through the marine atmosphere under a range of horizontal grid spacings and wave steepnesses. All simulations were performed in a conventionally neutral atmosphere with a geostrophic wind of 5 m s⁻¹, aligned with the direction of wave propagation. The simulated wind vertical profiles from the WRF-LES model exhibit similar behavior to those of Sullivan (2008) over both wavy and flat surfaces, but the differences in Sullivan’s vertical wind profiles for the two cases are considerably larger in comparison to those derived from WRF-LES. Furthermore, spectral analysis clearly shows the effect of horizontal grid spacing. The impact of wave steepness on turbulence distribution is clearly noticeable in the vertical profiles of resolved velocity variances and covariances. The impact is largest close to the surface, but it is important throughout the bulk of the boundary layer.