TY - JOUR
T1 - Assessment of tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) content in plastic waste recovered from WEEE
AU - Kousaiti, Athanasia
AU - Hahladakis, John N
AU - Savvilotidou, Vasiliki
AU - Pivnenko, Kostyantyn
AU - Tyrovola, Konstantina
AU - Xekoukoulotakis, Nikolaos
AU - Astrup, Thomas Fruergaard
AU - Gidarakos, Evangelos
PY - 2020
Y1 - 2020
N2 - Due to the variability of additives and polymer types used in electrical and electronic equipment (EEE), and in accordance with the European Directive 2012/19/EU, an implementation of sound management practices is necessary. This work focuses on assessing the content of tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) in acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), polypropylene (PP), polycarbonate (PC) and their polymer blends (i.e. PC/ABS). A total of 36 plastic housing samples originating from microwave ovens, electric irons, vacuum cleaners and DVD/CD players were subjected to microwave-assisted-extraction (MAE) and/or ultrasound-assisted-extraction (UAE). Maximum mean concentration values of TBBPA measured in DVD/CD players and vacuum cleaners ranged between 754-1146 μg/kg, and varied per polymer type, as follows: 510-2515 μg/kg in ABS and 55-3109 μg/kg in PP. The results indicated that MAE was more sufficient than UAE in the extraction of TBBPA from ABS. To optimize the UAE procedure, various solvents were tested. Higher amounts of TBBPA were obtained from ABS and PP using a binary mixture of a polar-non-polar solvent, isopropanol:n-hexane (1:1), whereas the sole use of isopropanol exhibited incomplete extraction.
AB - Due to the variability of additives and polymer types used in electrical and electronic equipment (EEE), and in accordance with the European Directive 2012/19/EU, an implementation of sound management practices is necessary. This work focuses on assessing the content of tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) in acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), polypropylene (PP), polycarbonate (PC) and their polymer blends (i.e. PC/ABS). A total of 36 plastic housing samples originating from microwave ovens, electric irons, vacuum cleaners and DVD/CD players were subjected to microwave-assisted-extraction (MAE) and/or ultrasound-assisted-extraction (UAE). Maximum mean concentration values of TBBPA measured in DVD/CD players and vacuum cleaners ranged between 754-1146 μg/kg, and varied per polymer type, as follows: 510-2515 μg/kg in ABS and 55-3109 μg/kg in PP. The results indicated that MAE was more sufficient than UAE in the extraction of TBBPA from ABS. To optimize the UAE procedure, various solvents were tested. Higher amounts of TBBPA were obtained from ABS and PP using a binary mixture of a polar-non-polar solvent, isopropanol:n-hexane (1:1), whereas the sole use of isopropanol exhibited incomplete extraction.
KW - WEEE
KW - Plastic waste
KW - Tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA)
KW - Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS)
KW - Microwave-assisted-extraction (MAE)
U2 - 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121641
DO - 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121641
M3 - Journal article
C2 - 31740297
SN - 0304-3894
VL - 390
JO - Journal of Hazardous Materials
JF - Journal of Hazardous Materials
M1 - 121641
ER -