Application of 2D materials in the development of nucleic acid–based electrochemical biosensors

Early detection of disease biomarkers obliges development of highly sensitive and reliable biosensors. Electrochemical biosensors, owing to their high degree of sensitivity, low production cost, multiplexing, and miniaturization aptitude have represented great potential for clinical diagnostics of various diseases and body disorders. Being highly selective and robust, synthetic nucleic acids are favored choices as the biorecognition elements to improve the productivity of electrochemical biosensors. Recently, integration of 2D materials in nucleic acid–based electrochemical biosensors (NAEBs) has been shown to boost their performances toward fabrication of more reliable tools for clinical approaches. In this chapter, advances in the fabrication of NAEBs on the basis of 2D materials are summarized. Two categories of genosensors and aptasensors for the detection of viral nucleic acids, microRNAs, pathogens, proteins, and small molecules are considered. Different types of 2D materials and their electrochemical features will be introduced and their functions in the electrochemical sensing mechanisms will be emphasized. Finally, the future prospective of the integration of 2D materials with NAEBs for the clinical diagnostics market will be discussed.