TY - JOUR
T1 - An innovative and eco-friendly modality for synthesis of highly fluorinated graphene by an acidic ionic liquid: Making of an efficacious vehicle for anti-cancer drug delivery
AU - Jahanshahi, Mohammadjavad
AU - Kowsari, Elaheh
AU - Haddadi-Asl, Vahid
AU - Khoobi, Mehdi
AU - Bazri, Behrouz
AU - Aryafard, Meysam
AU - Lee, Jong Hyun
AU - Kadumudi, Firoz Babu
AU - Talebian, Sepehr
AU - Kamaly, Nazila
AU - Mehrali, Mehdi
AU - Dolatshahi-Pirouz, Alireza
PY - 2020
Y1 - 2020
N2 - Fluorination of graphene nanomaterials has multitude merits owing to the peculiar temperament of the carbon-fluorine (C-F) bond. However, the current synthesis modalities of fluorinated graphene (FG) are based on the usage of toxic materials at high temperatures, which are problematic to be used. The methods to overcome these problems are challenging for chemists. Ionic liquids (ILs) have been used in several chemical processes as auxiliaries and eco-friendly alternatives instead of volatile organic solvents because of their properties. Consequently, herein we exploited a highly effective and green process for the synthesis of FG at mild temperature (80 °C) by using ammonium fluoride salt as fluorine agent and a synthesized acidic IL ([TEA]+[TFA]–) as a solvent. Our goal was to synthesize enriched FG with a high degree of fluorination (66.4 wt.% of F) and F/C ratio (2.2), which measured and confirmed by XPS analysis. Subsequently, the obtained FG was used as a nanocarrier for delivery of curcumin to cancerous cells. The in-vitro results showed that these nanosheets possessed a higher Cur-loading efficiency (78.43%) than commercial FG (52.12%) due to the sheet-like structure with folded edges. This, in turn, translated into an excellent in-vitro anti-cancer effect when tested against cancerous cells.
AB - Fluorination of graphene nanomaterials has multitude merits owing to the peculiar temperament of the carbon-fluorine (C-F) bond. However, the current synthesis modalities of fluorinated graphene (FG) are based on the usage of toxic materials at high temperatures, which are problematic to be used. The methods to overcome these problems are challenging for chemists. Ionic liquids (ILs) have been used in several chemical processes as auxiliaries and eco-friendly alternatives instead of volatile organic solvents because of their properties. Consequently, herein we exploited a highly effective and green process for the synthesis of FG at mild temperature (80 °C) by using ammonium fluoride salt as fluorine agent and a synthesized acidic IL ([TEA]+[TFA]–) as a solvent. Our goal was to synthesize enriched FG with a high degree of fluorination (66.4 wt.% of F) and F/C ratio (2.2), which measured and confirmed by XPS analysis. Subsequently, the obtained FG was used as a nanocarrier for delivery of curcumin to cancerous cells. The in-vitro results showed that these nanosheets possessed a higher Cur-loading efficiency (78.43%) than commercial FG (52.12%) due to the sheet-like structure with folded edges. This, in turn, translated into an excellent in-vitro anti-cancer effect when tested against cancerous cells.
KW - Eco-friendly synthesis
KW - Fluorinated graphene
KW - Mild-temperature fluorination
KW - Ionic liquid
KW - Curcumin loading efficiency
KW - Cancer drug delivery
U2 - 10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.146071
DO - 10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.146071
M3 - Journal article
VL - 515
JO - Applied Surface Science
JF - Applied Surface Science
SN - 0169-4332
M1 - 146071
ER -