Advances in fluorescent sensors for trace detection of metal contaminants and agrochemical residues in soil: A comprehensive review

Background: Soil contamination by hazardous substances, including heavy metal ions and agrochemical residues such as herbicides, insecticides and fungicides poses a significant threat to environmental safety and human health. Reliable detection methods for trace levels of these contaminants are essential to address the risks associated with their presence in soil. Scope and approach: This review highlights recent advancements in the development of fluorescent sensors for the trace detection of contaminants in soil samples. The discussion encompasses the properties of various fluorescent materials, their selectivity, limit of detection, sensing strategies and mechanisms. Key findings and conclusions: Fluorescent sensors have demonstrated exceptional potential for detecting soil contaminants due to their high sensitivity, specificity, and rapid response. Advances in sensor design, including the development of novel materials and portable detection systems, have significantly improved detection capabilities. Future research should focus on enhancing the reliability of fluorescent signals, developing reusable, portable and user-friendly systems, and improving the applicability of these sensors to real soil analysis.