TY - JOUR
T1 - Acetaminophen micropollutant: Historical and current occurrences, toxicity, removal strategies and transformation pathways in different environments
AU - Hoang, Nam Nhat
AU - Ky Le, Gia
AU - Minh Hong Nguyen, Thi
AU - Bui, Xuan Thanh
AU - Nguyen, Khanh Hoang
AU - Rene, Eldon R.
AU - Vo, Thi-Dieu-Hien
AU - Thanh Cao, Ngoc-Dan
AU - Mohan, Raj
PY - 2019
Y1 - 2019
N2 - Acetaminophen (ACT) is commonly used as a counter painkiller and nowadays, it is increasingly present in the natural water environment. Although its concentrations are usually at the ppt to ppm levels, ACT can transform into various intermediates depending on the environmental conditions. Due to the complexity of the ACT degradation products and the intermediates, it poses a major challenge for monitoring, detection and to propose adequate treatment technologies. The main objectives of this review study were to assess (i) the occurrences and toxicities, (2) the removal technologies and (3) the transformation pathways and intermediates of ACT in four environmental compartments namely wastewater, surface water, ground water, and soil/sediments. Based on the review, it was observed that the ACT concentrations in wastewater can reach upto several hundreds of ppb. Amongst the different countries, China and the USA showed the highest ACT concentration in wastewater (≤ 300 μg/L), with a very high detection frequency (81-100%). Concerning surface water, the ACT concentrations were found to be at the ppt level. Some regions in France, Spain, Germany, Korea, USA, and UK comply with the recommended ACT concentration for drinking water (71 ng/L). Notably, ACT can transform and degrade into various metabolites such as aromatic derivatives or organic acids. Some of them (e.g., hydroquinone and benzoquinone) are toxic to human and other life forms. Thus, in water and wastewater treatment plants, tertiary treatment systems such as advanced oxidation, membrane separation, and hybrid processes should be used to remove the toxic metabolites of ACT.
AB - Acetaminophen (ACT) is commonly used as a counter painkiller and nowadays, it is increasingly present in the natural water environment. Although its concentrations are usually at the ppt to ppm levels, ACT can transform into various intermediates depending on the environmental conditions. Due to the complexity of the ACT degradation products and the intermediates, it poses a major challenge for monitoring, detection and to propose adequate treatment technologies. The main objectives of this review study were to assess (i) the occurrences and toxicities, (2) the removal technologies and (3) the transformation pathways and intermediates of ACT in four environmental compartments namely wastewater, surface water, ground water, and soil/sediments. Based on the review, it was observed that the ACT concentrations in wastewater can reach upto several hundreds of ppb. Amongst the different countries, China and the USA showed the highest ACT concentration in wastewater (≤ 300 μg/L), with a very high detection frequency (81-100%). Concerning surface water, the ACT concentrations were found to be at the ppt level. Some regions in France, Spain, Germany, Korea, USA, and UK comply with the recommended ACT concentration for drinking water (71 ng/L). Notably, ACT can transform and degrade into various metabolites such as aromatic derivatives or organic acids. Some of them (e.g., hydroquinone and benzoquinone) are toxic to human and other life forms. Thus, in water and wastewater treatment plants, tertiary treatment systems such as advanced oxidation, membrane separation, and hybrid processes should be used to remove the toxic metabolites of ACT.
KW - Micropollutant
KW - Acetaminophen
KW - Pharmaceutical and personal care products
KW - Intermediates
KW - Wastewater treatment
U2 - /10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124391
DO - /10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124391
M3 - Journal article
SN - 0045-6535
VL - 236
JO - Chemosphere
JF - Chemosphere
M1 - 124391
ER -