Systems analysis is based on multidisciplinary research in the border field of physics,mathematics and economics addressing complex interactions and integration of entities within a given system boundary,subject to external conditions such as technological change, innovation, costs and environmental impacts.

Quantitative methods and modelling are used to study the interaction between technology, infrastructure and markets - with the consequences for environment and climate.

In Northern Europe electricity demand is largest in the winter, while hydro power is available during the summer. International trade of electricity started nearly 100 years ago and the capacity for trade is increasing.

High voltage cables, rather than overhead lines are becoming increasingly important.

The potential for wind power in the North Sea and Baltic Sea is huge, which will require further development of trade and markets. In cortrast, the potential for biomas is limited.